America’s Insatiable Appetite for Cocaine Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Americas Insatiable Appetite for cocaineWhere does Coca-Cola get its name? Why was it created? In 1886, the Georgia pharmacist, John Pemberton, designed Coca-Cola as a headache remedy and a stimulant. The original beverage contained cocaine and was used both as an intoxicating beverage and a medically useful tonic. The effects of the drink helped make it popular. Only in the early twentieth century was the drug eliminated from the Coca-Cola recipe and replaced with increased amounts of caffeine.1 Cocaine has a languish history which also involves the once condoned use for medicinal purposes in the 1890s to being one of the most widespread abused drug today. Cocaine was the first in effect(p) local anesthetic for use in minor surgery. Before being used in medicine, the Inca civilization of Peru confined the use of coca to the royal classes and priesthood because the leaves were considered a symbol of divinity, a gift bestowed by the sun god. They clearly appreciated its pharmacologi cal effects deflecting fatigue and hunger, enhancing endurance, and promoting a sense of happiness.1 Other civilizations gave cocaine to their slaves and workers preferably of food and rest. There is ample evidence that Indians under the influence of coca can withstand exceptional hardships and perform heavy labor, without requiring proper nourishment during that time....By employ coca the Indians are able to travel on foot for hundreds of hours and run faster than horses without showing signs of fatigue.11 What is cocaine? How does cocaine increase alertness and decrease ones craving? It is all in the head, more accurately, in the brain. Cocaine is derived from the coca plant Erythroxylon coca in a white crystalline alkaloid powder. ... ....5. Holden, Constance. Cocaine Shrinks Your foreland? Science. 248 April 1990, p. 167.6. Cowen, Ron. Cocaine and the Nervous System. Science News. 137 April 1990, p. 238.7. Mendelson, Jack H., M.d. et al. Anterior, Adrenal, and Gonadal Hormo nes During Cocaine Withdrawal. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 145 September 1988, p. 1095.8. Volkow, Nora D., M.D. et al. Changes in Brain Glucose Metabolism in Cocaine Dependence and Withdrawal. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 May 1991, p. 621.9. Satel, Sally L., M.D. et al. Clinical Phenomenology and Neurobiology of Cocaine Abstinence A Prospective Inpatient Study. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 December 1991. P. 1713.10. Gawin, weenie H. Cocaine Addiction Psychology and Neurophysiology. Science. 251 March 1991. P. 1580.11. Freud, Sigmund. Uber Coca. July 1884.

Odour of Chrysanthemums as a Classic Essay -- Odour of Chrysanthemums

Odour of Chrysanthemums as a Classic The claim that Odour of Chrysanthemums is a well-crafted composition is scarce brave or risky, for many would agree. For instance, the man who in a reek discovered Lawrence, English Review editor F. M. Ford, said this about Odour of Chrysanthemums The real title makes an impact on the mind. You get at once the knowledge that this is not, whatever else it may turn out, either a frivolous or thus far a gay springtime story. Chrysanthemums are not only flowers of the autumn they are the autumn itself. . . This man knows what he wants. He sees the scene of his story exactly. He has an authoritative mind. (Ford 257) As a fiction editor, he is quite receptive to Lawrences descriptive gifts. He is impressed with Lawrences sense of purpose. But readers neednt assess the short story by Fords methods alone. Modern readers have a very different perspective than Lawrences contemporaries, ensuring that many different analyses of Odour of Chrysanthemums are possible. However, the plot itself is very simple. In the 1914 version, Elizabeth Bates spends nigh of the story waiting for her husband to return from the mine, fretting that he is once again dallying at a favorite pub. His coworkers drag him home, but he is not in a drunken stupor. He is dead, suffocated in an accident at the mine. Initially it seems that the moment when Elizabeth learns that her husband is dead is the storys climax. However, this is not the storys most riveting moment, for Lawrences foreshadowing has already given this ending away. Elizabeth often unknowingly hints at the coming death, saying, Theyll bring him when he does come--like a log (Lawrence 290). The real bewilderment comes after the reader discove... ...e sense alone. This idea reflects peoples deepest fears, or perhaps evokes new ones. Odour of Chrysanthemums is not successful and shocking because of particularly beautiful writing, realistic characters or even a surprise ending. It is shocking because of a surprise thought. Works Cited Lawrence, David Herbert. Odour of Chrysanthemums. D. H. Lawrence The Complete Short Stories (Vol. 2). New York Penguin Books, 1976. Bolton, James T. Odour of Chrysanthemums An Early Version. Renaissance and Modern Studies 13 (1969), 12-44. Ford, Madox Ford. D. H. Lawrence. Portraits from Life. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin, 1937. Lawrence, David Herbert. Women Are So Cocksure. Phoenix. London Heinemann, 1936. 167-69. Lawrence, David Herbert. To T. D. D. 7 July 1914. Selected Letters. Ed. Richard Aldington. New York Penguin Books, 1996.

Stars Over Time :: essays research papers

Stars over TimeA star is a self-luminous b alone of gas abut by gravity into a single object and powered by nuclear fusion at the core. There are trillions and trillions of stars in our universe and all are different and unique. There are many a(prenominal) stages of stars life including main sequence stars, red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. All stars also train many more variations in each stage of life. The life of a star begins in a nebula, a great collection of gas and dust. Once abundant mass has accumulated into a single object, gravity forces the mass to collapse into the center. Due to pressure and friction, the core gets so hot that it begins nuclear fusion and a protostar is made. The age and the mass of stars tell every thing about a stars physical properties and placement into each of the categories. The Hertzsprung - Russell diagram (HR Diagram) graphs stars luminosities over the stars spectral class. Luminosity describes how skilful the sta r is (I, II, III, IV, V) spectral class describes its temperature (O, B, A, F, G, K, M). This graph is the best way to categorize stars.1. Main Sequence Stars. Once the protostar has stopped the nuclear reactions, it begins to burn up its enthalpy core. This is when it becomes a Main Sequence Star. Main Sequence stars are split into two types Upper Main Sequence and Lower Main Sequence. They both assume luminosity class V. The only difference is how massive each star is. Our sun is a lower main sequence star. The hydrogen in an honest star, like the sun, burns for about ten billion years. Upper Main Sequence stars are the hottest and brightest of all Main Sequence stars. They burn hydrogen by using the CNO Cycle, where carbon is fused with hydrogen to get nitrogen, and helium. Lower Main Sequence stars use the Proton-Proton Chain, where hydrogen is fused together to form helium. Both have three layers a thermonuclear core, a radiative zone, and a convective zone. Upper Main Sequen ces stars are layered from the center core, to the convective zone, to the radiative zone. Lower Main Sequence stars have the convective and radiative zones flipped.2. deprivation Giants. Once the hydrogen supply runs out, the core begins to collapse. During this time the core gets so hot, it begins to burn up the helium filled core into carbon.

Eye Strain as a Result of Computer Use :: Technology Computers Health Vision Essays

Eye Strain as a Result of Computer Use In the twentieth century, technology is at an all time high in the world. This technology includes research, stock market shares, computers, medical advances, and a vast variety of separate things. Among the advanced technology is a break through of computer use. Almost every matchless at sometime in their day is using a computer for one task or an different. Computers have taken the world and reshaped the possibilities of ideas and dreams in the past decade. Millions of people are using a computer daily according toAnshel (1996). This exercise on the computer can ran range from five minutes a day to eight hours a day depending on they type of job a person holds. Todays job market, employees are accustomed to working with a computer. This could include data entry clerks, an internet consultant, a bank teller, a librarian, and especially secretaries. The case is open to just about anyone. Often overlooked are the students that use computers on a daily basis. Many college students depend on the use of computers classes whether it be for fun or recreational use.Sometimes the convience of using computers comes with a high price to pay. The National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) says that shopping centrestrain is the guide problem in computer use. This even exceeds such common problems as carpal tunnel syndrome. (Atencio 1996) asthenopia and eye fatigue lead to many other complications if it is a continuous problem. One of these problems includes myopia. There are many ways of relieving eye fatigue and helping the symptoms of myopia. These problems can be onset in jr. years when children are in school. Since most schools in the country are using computers as a main source of education, eyestrain can be a linked to myopia. There are many options people or companies have to improve the conditions under which the person is working. Eyestrain is defined as muddled or double vision, burning, irritation, h eadaches, gritty eye sensation, eye fatigue, neck and shoulder pain, color perception change, decreased visual efficiency, more frequent errors and reduced efficiency. (Atencio 1996, Palmer 1993, Nunoo 1997) Eyestrain is also known as asthenopia. It simply means visual strain. (Palmer 1993) Dr. Paul F. Bommarito also said that 88% of heavy computer users experience these problems. (Fletcher 1996) Palmer suggest that eye fatigue is often caused by the eye muscles becoming tired much like other muscles in our body.

The Death of Indian Culture Exposed in The Jewel In the Crown Essay

The Death of Indian Culture Exposed in The Jewel In the Crown The Jewel in the Crown, by Paul Scott, is a postcolonial new about the realism of the interracial love affair between Daphne Manners and Hari Kumar, the subsequent rape of Daphne Manners, and the after effects on British and Indian relations. At a time when British and Indian affairs were strained, at best, the rape of Miss Manners is significantly metaphoric of the British rape of Indian prop and floriculture. British colonial sentiment became a primary influence in India, when the revolt of 1857 led to the reorganization of British influence. The British felt that India could not radiation diagram itself, that they (the British) would govern India as its benefactor, bringing modernization to an inferior culture. The Indian economy was transformed into a colonial economy, whose nature and structure was determined primarily by the needs of the British economy. Britains policies, in effect, ruined Indias urban and ru ral industries, which caused a great pressure on the land, as the development of Indias industry could not proceed up with British needs. The Jewel in the Crown focuses on how British colonialism affected the relations between native Indians and the British English, and the affects on Indian culture seen through the tragedy of the unique triangle formed by Hari Kumar and Ronald Merrick, at two opposing points (English vs. India), and Daphne Manners (the catalyst) connecting them both. The story is significant in understanding the historic aspects of British colonial rule, and the subsequent destruction and transformation of Indian culture. Through the eyes of the characters, we get several very distinct and personal stories about the set and custo... ...e history unfolds itself, as the personal lives intertwine with social and historical attitudes of British India and its ideology of benevolent governance. In a metaphorical sense, the personal tragedies of Hari Kumar and Daphne Manners exemplify the inability of two clashing distinctly different cultures to mix in creating an atmosphere of modern unity. The fact that Daphne Manners dies in childbirth, a birth that would shit represented such a unity between these two cultures, idealizes the very nature of the problems associated with the rights and wrongs of colonialism, and represents perhaps the very death of native Indian ideology and culture. working Cited Agatucci, Cora. Jewel in the Crown Study Guide Timeline English 103, Spring 2001. Scott, Paul. The Jewel in the Crown The Raj Quartet1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. C. 1998.

The Death of Indian Culture Exposed in The Jewel In the Crown Essay

The Death of Indian Culture Exposed in The adorn In the Crown The Jewel in the Crown, by Paul Scott, is a postcolonial novel about the realism of the interracial love affair between Daphne Manners and Hari Kumar, the incidental rape of Daphne Manners, and the after effects on British and Indian relations. At a time when British and Indian affairs were strained, at best, the rape of set down Manners is significantly metaphoric of the British rape of Indian land and culture. British colonial sentiment became a primary influence in India, when the confusion of 1857 led to the reorganization of British influence. The British felt that India could not rule itself, that they (the British) would govern India as its benefactor, bringing modernization to an inferior culture. The Indian economy was change into a colonial economy, whose constitution and structure was determined primarily by the needs of the British economy. Britains policies, in effect, ruined Indias urban and rural in dustries, which caused a grand pressure on the land, as the development of Indias industry could not keep up with British needs. The Jewel in the Crown focuses on how British colonialism bear upon the relations between native Indians and the British English, and the affects on Indian culture seen through the tragedy of the unique triangle formed by Hari Kumar and Ronald Merrick, at cardinal opposing points (English vs. India), and Daphne Manners (the catalyst) connecting them both. The story is significant in understanding the historical aspects of British colonial rule, and the subsequent destruction and transformation of Indian culture. Through the eyeball of the characters, we get several very distinct and personal stories about the values and custo... ...e history unfolds itself, as the personal lives intertwine with social and historical attitudes of British India and its ideology of benevolent governance. In a metaphorical sense, the personal tragedies of Hari Kumar and Daphne Manners represent the inability of two clashing distinctly different cultures to mix in creating an air of modern unity. The fact that Daphne Manners dies in childbirth, a birth that would have represented such a unity between these two cultures, idealizes the very nature of the problems associated with the rights and wrongs of colonialism, and represents perhaps the very death of native Indian ideology and culture. Works Cited Agatucci, Cora. Jewel in the Crown Study Guide Timeline English 103, Spring 2001. Scott, Paul. The Jewel in the Crown The Raj Quartet1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. C. 1998.

Child Psychology

A kidskin Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosis and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This change state bathroom be done in a cloistered, clinical, or public domain and counseling practice or in trail and other learning environments. They are engaged in the get hold of of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are unlike from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psycho logy or a Ph. D. in Child Psychology.These power points equip individuals with the skills necessary to cooperate minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http//degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_ utilization_ picket_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you allow need to bePatient, Caring, neat Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, Hard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, primarily as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment suppuration will vary by specialty for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 percent growth and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the outperform for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as wellness those with a masters degree will have dependable prospects in industrial-organization bachelors degree holders will have limited prospects. (http//www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to become an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are very much employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experience. Additionally, school psychologists can make everyplace $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits Knowledge of charitable Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as healthy as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday liveliness to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits whippy Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations arent usually able to set their own hours, notwithstanding Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologi sts in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on face-to-face preference. (http//degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual locks of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The heart and soul 50 percent earned among $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were Offices of other health practitioners $68,400 Elementary and secondary schools 65,710 State establishment 63,710 Outpatient care centers 59,130 Individual and family services 57,440 Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The job outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more luxuriant people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http//www. childpsychologist. com/Child PsychologyA Child Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This work can be done in a private, clinical, or public sector and counseling practice or in school and other learning environments. They are engaged in the study of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are different from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child Psychology.These degrees equip individuals with the skills necessary to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http//degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you will need to bePatient, Caring, Good Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, H ard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, mainly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment growth will vary by specialty for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 percent growth and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as health those with a masters degree will have good prospects in industrial-organization bachelors degree holders will have limited prospects. (http//www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. W ages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experience. Additionally, school psychologists can make over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits Knowledge of Human Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as well as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologi st Benefits Flexible Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations arent usually able to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http//degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual wages of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were Offices of other health practitioners $68,400 Elementary and secondary schools 65,710 State government 63,710 Outpatient care centers 59,130 Individual and family services 57,440 Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The job outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more troubled people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http//www. childpsychologist. com/

Stomata Density

Stomata argon niggling pores found on the epidermis of the leaf, surrounded by guard cells. 1 Their main function is gas exchange 1 for photosynthesis and respiration. The development of stomata on the leaves of a fructify is determined by interaction amongst different genes and environsal factors. A few studies have been conducted in order to establish a relationship between stomatous densities and given environmental factors. Research has fork overn that stomatal densities are controlled by environmental conditions during leaf development, but are fixed after the leaf matures. 2The article The model of slatternly on stomatal density of a tomato by A. P. Gay and R. G. Hurd describes their findings that plants set byn under high timid intensity have much stomata per 1 mm 2 than plants grown under low light intensity. 3 The purpose of my investigation is to determine whether thither is a correlation between the light intensity and the stomatal density on lavender leaves an d whether the initial height of the plants influences the stomatal densities. The hypothesis is that an increase in the light intensity forget lead to an increase in the stomatal density of the lavender leaf.The first aim of this investigation was to find whether there is a epochal correlation between the stomatal density of lavender plants and the light intensity under which they are grown. The stake aim of the investigation was to find out whether the initial height of the plant influences its stomatal density. Cuttings were taken from lavender plants to ensure that all the plants were genetically identical and that the only changes occurring in the stomatal density would be cod to environmental conditions. Four cuttings were unretentive (3 cm initial height) and tetrad were tall (6 cm initial height).The cuttings were put under compact fluorescent light bulbs with four different power ratings (8, 11, 14, and 20 W). One short and one tall cutting were put under each of the f our light bulbs for 28 long time in order to grow them. Both the short and the tall plants showed a positive correlation between their stomatal densities and the light intensity. The correlation was statistically authoritative at a 0. 025 import level according to the Pearson product-moment correlation test.The short and the tall plants grown under the same light intensity did non show anystatistically hearty difference between their stomatal densities. The first aim of this investigation was to find whether there is a signifi give the bouncet correlation between the stomatal density of lavender plants and the light intensity under which they are grown. The second aim of the investigation was to find out whether the initial height of the plant influences its stomatal density. Cuttings were taken from lavender plants to ensure that all the plants were genetically identical and that the only changes occurring in the stomatal density would be due to environmental conditions.Four c uttings were short (3 cm initial height) and four were tall (6 cm initial height). The cuttings were put under compact fluorescent light bulbs with four different power ratings (8, 11, 14, and 20 W). One short and one tall cutting were put under each of the four light bulbs for 28 days in order to grow them. Both the short and the tall plants showed a positive correlation between their stomatal densities and the light intensity. The correlation was statistically real at a 0. 025 significance level according to the Pearson product-moment correlation test.The short and the tall plants grown under the same light intensity did not show any statistically significant difference between their stomatal densities. When trying to explain the correlation, it is important to consider what stomata are in the first place and what their most important functions are. Stomata are tiny pores 1 found on the epidermis of the plants and their main role is gas exchange between the leaf and the environme nt. Although stomatal development is essentially controlled by different genes, the environment to a fault has a significant effect on stomatal development.Using plants that are clones in the investigation means that they all have the same genetic real and any changes in stomatal density on their leaves should be due to environmental factors. 9 Both light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration have been shown to influence the frequency at which stomata develop on the leaves of plants. 8 Plants can respond to changes in environmental conditions by changing their stomatal frequency. Recent research has shown that signals from older leaves can influence the development of stomata on the younger leaves.In that way, if the environmental conditions to which the older leaves are exposed change, then the younger leaves can increase or decrease their stomatal density this physiological adaptation can help the plant cope with the changing environment. Why is the increased light intensity leading to increased stomatal density? Photosynthesis is the process by which plants synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water. The energy of the reaction is supplied by the sunlight. However, there are two main stages in photosynthesis light-dependent and light-independent stages.The light-dependent stage depends on the light because the energy from the light is used to split water in the process of photolysis and excite electrons in the chlorophyll. 11 The products from the light-dependent stage are ATP and the electron acceptor cut back NADP. 11 The products from the light-dependent stage are fed into the light-independent stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle. 11 Carbon dioxide is fixed in the light-independent stage and converted to glucose in the Calvin cycle, the products of the light-dependent stage are needed. So, more ATP and lessen NADP will result in an increased rate of carbon fixation.If the rate of carbon fixation increases, the rate at which carbon di oxide diffuses in and out of the leaf will increase. The light intensity is simply the energy per second per unit area carried by the incident light and it is proportional to the number of photons per second carried by the incident light. 12 Higher light intensity means more photons per second resulting in more electrons per second that would be excited during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis, and more ATP and reduced NADP are produced. Therefore, increasing the light intensity will increase the overall rate of photosynthesis.The rate of gas exchange will increase as a result. Coming back to the main function of the stomata, increasing the rate of gas exchange whitethorn lead to increased stomatal density on the epidermis of the leaf. The adaptation leads to higher carbon dioxide assimilation as the results of recent studies have shown. 2 However, the energy of the incident light arriving per second is also proportional to the wavelength of the light. Therefore, the light intensity depends on the light wavelength. Plants have combinations of chlorophyll pigments 11 that absorb sunlight from the visible spectrum.The light of wavelengths 400-500 nm and 650-700 nm 11 is absorbed the most. These are blue and red light, respectively. Lavender grows well under compact fluorescent light bulbs. 13 By placing colored filters in front of the light bulbs, it can be established which color of light is most suitable for growing lavender and whether the color of light affects the stomatal density. To determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the stomatal densities on the tall and short plants grown under the same light intensity, the Mann-Whitney U test is used.The null hypothesis is that there is no statistically significant difference between the stomatal densities of the tall and the short plants grown under the same light intensity. The null hypothesis may be rejected if the calculated value of U is equal to or smaller than the critical value. The critical value for U for 10 sets of data is 16. 7 spirit back at the results section, all the calculated values of U are bigger than the critical value, so the null hypothesis is accepted. The initial height did not seem to influence the stomatal development in my investigation.

Krispy Kreme Case Analysis Essay

Krispy Kreme does not have one particular target commercialize and are notcategorized as one business casing they have various tactics to appeal to various markets. They also target prepare, local organizations and businesses. He primary market, those ranging from the ages 20-30 years old, are Krispy Kremes main focus. This is where the legal age of their business comes from. These are your everyday commuters who desire a sweet treat, or coffee to help outlast a long day at work. Their purchases whitethorn be small or cheap, but business is usually consistent, as are sales. Krispy Kreme appeals to schools as a fundraising opportunity. Doughnuts are very inexpensive when purchased in bulk, and easygoing to sell. Krispy Kreme offers certificates, coffee, partnership cards, and doughnuts to schools to raise money. Gift certificates are less of a burden, and those selling them dont have to deal with ordering and delivering doughnuts after youve made the sale. This makes things easie r for both(prenominal) the customer and fundraiser. Offering fundraisers to schools increases cognisance of Krispy Kreme, serves as sales promotion, whilst building a relationship with schools and the community. The money earned from these fundraisers are usually used to improve the school or purchase uniforms as shown on Krispy Kremes Fundraising page on their site. Local organizations and businesses purchase Krispy Kremes overlaps for retailing.CompetitorsCompetitors CompetitorsStarbucksMcDonaldsNestlesDunkin DonutsEinstein BagelsPanera breadStarbucksBruegges EnterpriseDunkin DonutsYum BrandStarbucks supranational Dairy QueenStarbucks target Audience-Affluent customersWell educated customersWhite Collar PatternsThe age of the target market was between 25 and 44.Eventually, the company distinguishable to expand its target market to include young, less-educated and low-income consumers. A large portion of coffee drinkers is found in urban areas of the United States. It is becaus e most of educated and workings professionals live in the urban areas. It is because most of educated and working professionals live in the urban areas. With the rapid expansion, Starbucks targeted customers of every age group.Einstein BagelsThat target market is younger than other coffee shops and is aimed at people between age 25 and 50.Dunkin DonutsDunkin Donuts target market is the blue collar workers (18-60) of America who likes the quick suffice that Dunkin Donuts provides. Also within its target market are kids, highly due to its name. Recently Dunkin Donuts has been targeting the market of affluent women and professionalsKrispy Kreme Strengths1. Company brand image and reputation.2. Proprietary doughnut-making equipment, and susceptibility to supply tofranchises at profitable prices.Krispy Kreme Weakness1. Competitors are larger and well established in their markets, tougher to compete head to head once newness is over. 2. Core product does not incorporate health/weight c onscious consumers.Krispy Kreme Opportunities1. Add more stores in current target markets to make it convenient for all areas. 2. Attract a broader range of customers and sell more products to existing customers by enhancing present menu offerings, esp in coffee and coffee drinks.Krispy Kreme Threats1. Competitors concerned about KK rapid egress and market share gains and erosion of their own market positions, may well be compelled to rejuvenate their product menus, this would be costly battle for KK. 2. Consumer habits changing adept scheme alternative in each cell matrix would be maven schema in strengths/ Opportunity would be to increase marketing, incorporating social networksOne strategy in Weakness/Opportunity would be growing new markets or increase the product line to incorporate healthier choices.One strategy in Strength/Threats promoting healthier product lineOne strategy in Weaknesses/Threats would be to avoid developing existing markets by existing products strategica l issues with supporting data1. Krispy Kreme management should meet with franchisees and explore again theplans for opening new stores, it would seem to make sense to accelerate the pace of new stores openings at least in those areas where the enthusiasm for the products has been so great.2. Adapt to consumer desires. Increase product development, i.e., healthier choices.3. Lack of corporate governance.Matching the Strengths of franchise opportunities, Krispy Kreme is highly favorable. Its resource strengths and private-enterprise(a) assets easily outweigh its resource weaknesses and competitive liabilities. The company has plenty of opportunities it can pursue to continue to grow more rapidly, the company should have little bar opening several hundred more stores, Dunkin Donuts has 3,600 in the US alone versus just over 180 for KK. Their strategy is a solid one, with competitive advantages in product quality, product appeal, brand reputation, and ability to attract high caliber f ranchises because of vertical integration into doughnut making equipment, doughnut mixes and coffee. The threats are still in the foreground, the product excitement being created by Krispy Kreme could end up helping grow the market for doughnuts and help over come the relatively flat drive for doughnuts that has prevailed. A costly battle for market share can be avoided.4 Three of Krispy Kremes strategic issues using SMART format harmonize to Return on Assets, there has been an increase from 1998, with a slight decrease due to further investment of assets in 2002. The company is converting money into net income, therefore, quick enough to add more stores in the mix.Return on Equity offers a profit generating efficiency for investors. The decrease in 2002 is because of improvements in companys operations. Intangible assets are also excluded like the brand name.SMART goalSpecific To create shareholder wealth through an ambitious growth strategy meanwhile, using a thorough marketing strategyMeasurement increasing brand awareness through strong positioning and optimizing distribution channels, therefore, creating brand loyaltyAggressive maintain a healthy increase in net sales, 10-20%, while optimizing efficiency.Realistic Increase the number of franchise stores to bring brand awareness and loyaltyTime-bound capitalizing on the growth of the market, increase storefranchises over the next three years

Insanity or Feigned Madness

Throughout William Shakespeares do, juncture, the protagonist, Prince small town, is faced with avenging the cruel murder of his Father. In attempts for vengeance, Hamlet feigns phreneticness as a stratagem to perform actions he would normally be prohibited from and as a way to pr reddent people from taking him seriously, thus allowing him to execute his plans un noniced. He uses his dementia as a way to vent his feelings and thoughts towards other characters as shown when he is speaking to Claudius, Gertrude and Ophelia.Hamlet blatantly states on various occasions that he in situation is not mad and even says that he will put on an antic disposition. He also only portrays his indulgence when demand for his underlying goal, exactly when there is no need to deceive, Hamlet acts as a perfectly sane person would which is demonstrated when he speaks to Horatio as well as the actors. Finally in comparison to Ophelia, who is the portrait of madness and has undergone similar trag edies as Hamlet, he appears as normal as anyone else. Hamlet appears to be mad as a way to vent his emotions and conceal any action he plans to take against Claudius to avenge his father.This is part of Hamlets initial plan when he tells Horatio and Marcellus that he will put an antic disposition on(I. v. 173) and that they must swear not to speak a word of his feigned madness. This allows Hamlet to maintain his style of insaneness thus allowing him to make his remarks of disgust towards Gertrude and Claudius without being punished or taken seriously as a sane prince would be. Through his act, Hamlet is qualified to vent his feelings towards Gertrude about how she married too soon after the death of his father and is even able to criticize her.Hamlet also uses his feigned madness as an excuse for his actions. This is shown when Hamlet apologizes to Laertes Wast Hamlet wrongd Laertes? Never Hamlet If Hamlet from himself be taen away, And when hes not himself does wrong Laertes, The n Hamlet does it not, Hamlet denies it. Who does it then? His madness ift be so,(V. ii. 224) Even in Hamlets apology he makes it seem as though he is mad. The line If Hamlet from himself be taen away represents the modern description of madness stating that Hamlet was not all there.He also speaks about himself in third person, which is seen for the first time in the play, and also conveys the principle of madness. By apologizing in a mad state of disposition, Hamlet hopes to make his insanity more believable thus making it easier for Laertes to accept it. By feigning insanity, Hamlet is able avoid questions about his unmated behavior and is able to focus on his revenge on Claudius. Hamlet only uses his guise of madness when necessary. Proving his sanity, Hamlet is able create a play based on what the ghost of his father told Hamlet about his death.Also when telling Horatio, a scholar, of his plan Hamlet not only appeared sane just now Horatio had no issues with his instructions O bserve mine uncle if his occulted guilt Do not itself unkennel in one speech it is a damned ghost we have seen,(III. ii. 79) Hamlet tells Horatio to watch Claudius for any signs of guilt. Showing that he is not insane, Hamlet also questions the intentions of the ghost and whether it is good or evil. If he were mad, then he would not even contemplate the intentions of the ghost. Above all Hamlet was correct with his plan and the king did in fact show signs guilt.Even other characters notice that Hamlet is not completely mad. A prime example is when Polonius was speaking to Hamlet and says, Though this be madness, yet there is method int. (II. ii. 204). Although Hamlet was able to dissipate Polonius that he was indeed mad, Polonius notices that Hamlets remarks are full of meaning and quick-witted, no easy task for a man who is truly insane but not as difficult for a man nearly playing the role. Polonius analysis of Hamlet proves to be legitimate when Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Gui ldenstern that he in fact is not mad. I am but mad north-north-west. When the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw. (II. ii. 376).Though spoken in an illicit way, Hamlet blatantly states that he is not mad. Hidden within that statement, Hamlet also was able to convey the message that he can recognize his enemies, I know a hawk from a handsaw. Some have analyzed this quote as an attack towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern1. Hamlet is not mad he is merely feigning it and with his knowledge of acting he is doing an exceptional job. Similarly to Hamlet, Ophelia suffers the same tragic loss of a father.Cambridge University did a study on the cause of losing a parent and came to the conclusion that The death of a parent imposes an unexpected crisis for most healthy, well-functioning adults. This crisis can result in high levels of physiological distress, increased risk of infection for depression, impaired physical health, or increase alcohol consumption. These effects go la rgely unrecognized by everyone except those going through the loss. (Umberson,7). This study proves true to Hamlet who undergoes similar signs of depression and physiological distress.Ophelia on the other hand shows true signs of insanity. She is unable to process thoughts logically and when she falls in the water she is unable, or unwilling, to sense the danger at hand and drowns without the slightest struggle. Unlike Ophelia, Hamlet is constantly thinking and rationalizing his possible actions. This is shown when Hamlet has the opportunity to kill Claudius Now might I do it, now he is a-praying and now Ill dot and so he goes to heaven and so am I revenged. That would be scannd A villain kills my father, and for that,I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. (III,iii,74-79) Hamlets thoughts follow a logical progression that shows his understanding of the situations nigh him. With the chance to kill Claudius, Hamlet realizes that by killing him while he is repenting his sins, Hamlet would thereby be sending him to heaven and thus doing Claudius a favour. Hamlet proves that he is sane by having the ability to think logically and therefore in comparison to Ophelia he is far from madness. The question of Hamlets sanity is one that has been questioned since the moment Hamlet was first performed.Madness is one of the main elements driving the plot and as the play progresses, Hamlets depiction of a madman becomes increasingly believable. His feigned madness is a mere ploy for vengeance on Claudius and should not be mistaken for true insanity. Hamlet himself states that he is not mad and will put on an antic disposition and in comparison to Ophelia, Hamlet is the picture of sanity. In William Shakespeares play Hamlet, tender Hamlet feigns madness in attempts to avenge the death of his father and although he shows signs of depression he should not be believed to be a madman.

Prelude to Philosophy: What is Philosophy? Essay

List 4 reasons students often presuppose a commencement view of school of thought. 1. The image that iodine has to be super intelligent to do philosophy. 2. As a discipline, most students study it late in their academic development. 3. virtu anyy nation dont think its practical.4. Most students dont know what philosophy is or how it finish benefit them. chicane Socrates citation What is the unexamined life? What did he mean when he said it wasnt worth living? The quote The unexamined life is not worth living. Socrates didnt mean that people have no value, or should be executed if they lived unexamined lives. Humans be unique in the animal kingdom we have the ability to reason and conjecture slightly everything. What he meant was To live the unexamined life is to live less than a fully human life not living life the way we were created to live.Know the etymology of the word philosophy.The combination of two Greek terms phileo and sopos. Phileo path love, sophos means wisdom .Know the working definition of philosophy and explain distributively of its elements. philosophical system is the critical examination of our foundational beliefs concerning the nature of reality, knowledge, and truth, and our moral and social determine.List and explain each of the 6 characteristics under the description of philosophy. 1. The relationship between philosophy and facts philosophers are generally more interested in what lies behind the facts, their meaning, significance and veracity, than in the facts themselves. 2. The importance of method in philosophical investigation why mortal views something more so than what they believe. 3. clarification clear thinking is imperative in finding truth. Two enemies to clear thinking is ambiguity and vagueness.4. Philosophy examines and evaluates everything nothing is taken for granted Every belief and idea is open to critical examination. Clarification and justification are required before accepting any belief to be true. 5. Philosophy is usually concerned with foundational issues that have been perennial throughout the history of humankind. 6. Philosophy often appeals to systems of principles or guidelines regarded to be true either reject innovative shoot to be true or adjust system to adapt to the new claim. Philosophers build systems of beliefs and philosophical examination doesnt begin from a sluggish position.Contrast and compare philosophy with religion, science, and art. How are they different and how are they similar? 1. Philosophy and Religion (compared) Both search for the ultimate that which has the ultimate meaning and value, the one thing that unifies everything and from which everything finds its meaning and origin. (contrasted) Religion usually appeals to some authoritative revelation to discover the truths about the ultimate philosophy uses rational inquiry in attempting to understand the ultimate. A spiritual aspect normally isnt found in philosophy. 2. Philosophy and Science (co mpared) Both try to understand reality in a methodical fashion. They both use observation and appeal to evidence to support their conclusions.They both derive criteria, hypotheses, and theories that they apply to specific situations to discover the truth about reality. (contrasted) Science generally examines that part of reality associated with the senses, the physical world, philosophies field extends outside of physical reality to what lies beyond. Also, science deals with first-order questions about reality, philosophy deals with second-order questions about disciplines like science. 3. Philosophy and artistry (compared) artists often use their medium to express philosophical ideas, they both also often deal with similar topics, and artists capture what some modern philosophers promote. (contrasted) Art usually only coveys a particular philosophical view, whereas philosophy seeks the rational justification of a view. Philosophy argues for a view, art expresses it. Art is concern ed loosely with structure, philosophy is concerned mostly with content.Explain the value of experiential knowledge in distinction to propositional knowledge. Experiential knowledge enhances our understanding beyond whatpropositional knowledge can convey.Philosophy Examining life love of wisdom.Unexamine Life Going through daily/routine activities/life, without thinking about what youre doing and why youre doing it going through the motions of life without making the effort to reflect and think about what life is about.Normative Claim Makes a claim about some actions persons ought to do. Socrates unexamined life claim was a normative claim. Wisdom Wisdom has less to do with how much one knows and more to do with how one uses the knowledge they have. Wisdom is knowledge apply using the knowledge one has in a way that benefits life.Critical Examination To analyze.Clarification To determine what something means.Justification Addresses the questions Is this true, and are there good rea sons to believe its true?Evaluation Determines the significance or value of the idea.Presuppositions Beliefs people usually dont think about or try to prove. They are assumptions people hold about themselves and the world, without knowing which they would not be able to arrive at any other knowledge.Foundational Beliefs Central and fundamental beliefs, the core of all other beliefs.First-Order Discipline A field that directly studies reality.Second-Order Discipline A field that studies the methods and presuppositions of first-order disciplines. Its not interested in the conclusion but themeans used to arrive at the conclusion and the presuppositions held while attempting to answer the question.Ambiguous When there is more than one possible meaning.Vague When the meaning is not clear.Worldview A comprehensive system of beliefs that functions, first as an explanation and interpretation of the world and, second as an application of that system to the way people live and the values they hold.Scientism The notion that scientific knowledge is the only kind of knowledge there is.Propositional experience Consists of beliefs that can be formulated and conveyed in propositions.Experiential Knowledge Knowledge gained through experiencing something.Rational Animal Humans.

Business Etiquette and Manners Essay

Each time one makes gain with ones employees, employers or customers one leaves a certain impression of oneself and the company, service or product one represents and first impressions always do make an impact on achieving pedigree objectives. Therefore it is re all(prenominal)y important for one to leave the right perception on bulk by learning how to properly conduct oneself in a business environment. caper etiquette is how one does what one does in the business world. This is true on factory assembly lines, corporate boardrooms, commercial kitchens and grocery stores.When working in an affair all day, it is very important to showcase good manners and proper office etiquette. Listed below are some pointers regarding proper behavior * Treat everyone with respect If you ask to encourage the office behavior of respect, you must start by giving it to new(prenominal)s at all times. From the receptionist at the front desk to the CEO of the company and prospective clients, mannik in respectful attitudes toward all people is the first step in fostering work professionalism.Respect must also be given to individuals who come into contact with you that are not part of the company, including delivery persons, office equipment repair persons, property managers and especially customers. Be kind and courteous to everyone. * Addressing individuals by their honorific or gentle Due to informality in the workplace today, a lot of business is lost, and goodwill destroyed, because of total disregard for properly addressing clients. The proper way to address clients is to accredit them using their honorific or title followed by their last name women should be referred to as Ms. Regardless of their marital status.Refer to individuals frequently by their call Take the time and make the effort to pay attention to the name of the person you are being introduced to. A persons name centre everything to them. To build rapport with a client, mention their name several times d uring the conversation, it helps in making a connection with the client and stretchiness out to them on a personal level. * Introduce people with confidence Most people hate making introductions, because they do not know how to properly make them. Introducing people with confidence is a great way to impress your customers. In business, introductions are determined by precession.The person who holds the position of highest authority in an organization subscribe tos precedence over others who work there. For example, you introduce your companys president to a colleague. * Be on time Punctuality is one of the key criterions of judging your potency as a worker. Ensure that you reach your office and corporate events you might be invited to punctually. If at all practicable try reaching ten minutes early. This may give you an opportunity to relax and unwind before you commence with your work. If you are a guest, understand that the organizer has been selective with the invitation list. legion(predicate) invitations will include a brief agenda that highlights when guests may arrive for the event, typically providing a window of 15 to 30 minutes for registration and pick up reception times. * Wear proper office attire Watch your garments. While this holds true for any one, it holds even more importance for ladies. Your office is meant to be a place for work and not some fancy dress competition. At work, you should be dressed in a straightforward yet smart fashion. perfunctory suits and dresses should be worn in neutral colors so that they reflect your professionalism. Make contact There are few physical contacts that are discriminate in business the most important and acceptable is your handshake. Your handshake is a non-verbal clue that indicates to the other person whether or not you are a take charge person. For example, a firm and strong handshake suggests that you are decisive, in control. Greet everyone with a firm, sincere handshake, a friendly smile and d irect center contact.However, when approaching a group of individuals, its important to note that you should always shake the hand of the highest ranking officer first. Maintain a healthy office environment Keep the position professional and neat with appropriate personal touches People will see the space and consider it a reflection of you. Whether it is a cubicle or office, respect others space. Dont just walk in knock or make your presence gently known. Dont assume acknowledgement of your presence is an invitation to sit down wait until you are invited to do so. Dont interrupt people on the phone, and dont try to communicate with them verbally or with sign language. You could damage an important phone call. Limit personal calls, especially if you work in a space that lacks a door.Learn when and where it is appropriate to use your cell phone in your office. Food consumption should generally be regulated. Smells and noise from food can be distracting to others trying to work. * W hile dealing with customers Name-tumblers when we introduce ourselves or other people has become a major problem especially on the call back. We need to unbend down and pronounce our names slowly, clearly and distinctly. At first it may feel as if you are exaggerating your name, but you are really helping the other person and improving overall communication.When dealing with angry customers, it is important to restrain your anger, remain calm, listen to them and assure them that you will solve their problems. Especially over the telephone while handling complains, speak softly. That will soothe the speaker and show him or her that youre interested in handling the complaint in a calm, rational way. Learning the rules of business etiquette is not very hard and it is not costly as many companies offer formal training on business etiquette, including communications, attire, networking, international business etiquette and new hire etiquette training.People truly desire to do business with those that make them comfortable and know how to best handle themselves in a variety of situations. Learning to incorporate good business etiquette into the workplace will pay dividends both in employee morale and on your companys bottom line. Customer loyalty also improves when good business etiquette is in full force as it is reflected in the atmosphere of your office or shop.

Discuss Pinters dramatic presentation of Ruth in The Homecoming

Surrealistically representing the pugilistic life of a pack of Hackney predators, Pinter portrays the mounting conflict within the people as each male fights for the Alfa position, with the reward of the lone female, Ruth.Embroidered with elaborately hidden meanings, pregnant pauses and ellipses, this play strips the characters of the outside shell of etiquette and politesse associated with society and left with all lyric poem as an attempt to acme the nakedness of their animalistic cores. These characteristics are recognized through the Pinteresque themes of nameless menace, erotic fantasy, obsession and jealousy, family hatred, and mental disturbance. The plot follows the feed in of shift returning home with his wife, Ruth, and her journey in to take on the pack and eventually take over the role of Queen Bee. During the course of the drama, she exacts her revenge on Teddy in leaving him for his family of intimately screwed up butchers.Teddy and Ruths arrival from America is symbolically representative of Teddys homecoming after nine years away. He returns married with a Doctorship of Philosophy and supposedly father of three sons, although later questioned by Max, all yours, Ted?, suggesting Ruth is, as ever, unfaithful and a impose on _or_ oppress.Are you tired? this conversion opens with the estranged couple struggling to find coherence with the blatant discord, No. Ruths replies are cold, quasi-monosyllabic and detached, perhaps in an attempt to undermine Teddys ascension to authority as he blatantly refuses to listen and orders her around Go to bed. Ill show you the room shows the referee that ultimately, Ruths opinions are irrelevant as the subordinate member in a marriage. Like Joey is to Lenny, Teddy sees Ruth as merely an appendage, thus his patronizing condescendence, You can help me with my lectures when we get back.Teddys long speeches reveal him as nervous despite his seeming attempts to calm down Ruth Youll be perfectly all right up t here without me. He uses excessive language to cover his vulnerability in face of the surefooted and controlling Ruth, whose short, sharp syntax displays her self-assured disposition. Similarly, Max and Lenny, who appear to feel her authority also go off into long, pre-rehearsed monologues, for example Lennys encounter with a true lady with a certain proposal one night, not too long ago.Ruths presence evokes ambiguous emotions within Teddys family alternately revered and rebuked, she is perceived as both the listless mother-figure (Jessie) make the beds, do the cooking, scrub the place out a bit, keep everyone company, and as a sexual object in a dress in pale corded blue silk, heavily encrusted in pearls and pantaloons in lilac flowered taffeta.Significantly mentioning the structure of the house, Pinter reminds the reader and the audience of the boneless, spineless family, like a shot that Jessie, the backbone has died. Teddy, who wants to stay up for a bit and walk about, pro vokes sub-textual connotations of the returning male reassuming his dominance as eldest son and marking his territory. However, giving Ruth the house key, having his cigar go out and going to bed prior to Ruth culminates into his eventual emasculation and loss of power among his brothers.Subtextually, Teddys Youneed some rest, you know is ambivalent in expressing Ruths mental instability, or that Teddy is sending her away for doing something he doesnt approve of. The audience might relate this with shes a very popular woman, shes got lots of friends, once again suggests Ruths interest group with prostitution as a photographic model for the body. Stifled in her relationship with a British academic, Ruths, I think Ill give up a hint of air and just a stroll suggests shes out and about and on the Game even before Max and Lenny agree to sponsor her.Quintessentially, Ruths confrontation with Lenny opens her ascension to power. If language is an attempt to cover nakedness, Ruths short, direct syntax show her to be in a position of power over Lenny. Not dissimilar to courting males in the animal res publica trying to hide their vulnerabilities from the females with bright colours or confrontational battles, Max and Lenny use long and decorously embroidered renditions of what have happened previously to appear intelligent and dominating.And yet, Lenny restrained seeks his absent mother, Do you mind if I hold your hand?. Psychoanalytically, Pinter portrays the mental decay of his characters as Lenny oscillates between the maternal craving and desire to punish women with a belt in the nose and a couple of turns of the boot. He expresses his assumed dominance in stating I decided she was, referring to the irrelevance of whether or not the prostitute was diseased, but rather that his word_as a pimp and escort_is law. Even so, Ruth overrides his authority, threatening, if you take the glass, Ill take you. Proposals such as sit on my lap and lie on the floor have signi ficantly provocative innuendoes, versus the maternal figure naming Lenny, Leonard.Pinters intricate depiction of Ruth is her reminiscent, contemplative nature. She cunningly employs frequent ellipses as a time of mensurable planning to put the angle of vision on her in a positive light. Imove my leg, I wearunderwearwhich moves with meitcaptures your attention. Employing this teasing, provocative language register, Ruth enacts a wordy striptease, seducing the men around her and putting herself in the spotlight. She describes America as all rock. And sand, portentous of the arid scimitar in To the Lighthouse, while the insects metaphorically refers to her popularity amongst her friends.once or twice cold buffet insinuates Ruth is a high-class prostitute. Contrastingly with Maxs diction, Ruths language register is not full of expletives but rather strategically thought out. She applies legal diction to decide the conditions of her contract with Teddys family All aspects of the agree ment and conditions of employment would have to be clarified to our mutual satisfaction before we finalized to contract, demonstrate she is able to take care of herself as an individual and will not let the butchers exploit her. This independence helps her stand out even more prominently than Teddy in all his aloofness, as she rises to position of Queen and orders Lenny , Id like something to eat, Id like a drink.In noting how Lenny does not reject the subordinate role to Ruth, the reader might suspect he enjoys being told what to do by a woman and thus deduce that Pinters own fantasies play a significant segmentation in the play. He models Ruth on his wife, Vivien, embodying her as both saint and sinner, contrasting maternal and temptress. Biblically, Ruth, symbolic of pity but also a Moabite widow who left her own people to live with her mother-in-law Naomi. All assets of femininity are sewn into one character, exposing her to the males sex drive and simultaneous desire for a m other presence.Ultimately, Pinters launching of Ruth significantly exposes her as the model female, simultaneously dominate and subordinate, maternal and temptress. Through his pack of Hackney predators, he depicts her as a tool for sexual enjoyment but the eventual Queen Bee with Joey kneeling at her chair in the final, still-life portrait.

Whether or not the civil rights movement has achieved equal rights for black people in USA and if so, to what extent

In this essay, I entrust aim to yield whether or not the civil mightilys movement has achieved equal rights for foul people in USA and if so, to what extent. In order to do this, we must compare the situation for vagues in USA currently, to that of unforgivings umteen years ago. absolutely no matchless would level off try to argue that Black Americans had equal rights during, or even at once after the abolition of sla precise. This would be ridiculous bearing in mind that numerous were forced to consummation from sunrise to sunset, an eighteen hour day in some places, with few, if any rights at all.At one gunpoint, slave owners were even given specific rights to brand, maim, whip or even burn disobedient slaves. This merely indicates any sort of equal rights. They were unable to vote, serve on juries receive an education and lap in certain trades. The fact that they were unable to serve on juries around made certain that any dreary man could be tried and convicted ev en though totally innocent. Also, no pick out meant no black politicians, and no politicians meant no say in government.T here(predicate) were a few lucky blacks living in the south who had managed to obtain freedom, some by purchasing their liberties and others handed their freedom after their masters had passed away. However, these blacks were forever and a day living in the fear that they could once again be taken into bondage. Most blacks had now been freed, nonetheless they were not compensated for past labours, leaving them jobless and al nigh pennyless. Many white supremacy organisations such(prenominal) as the Ku Klux Klan were formed solely to intimidate the black population.Public lynchings and public beatings became common place and actually rarely was anything done about it in the courts as it was bring forthed by many officials. After sla actually was abolished, many years of black campaigning followed and gradually, the campaigning became much and more succesf ul. In 1870, the fifteenth ammendment was passed declaring the right for all to be able to vote regardless of race. This was seen as a real breakthrough to date celebrations were proved to be far too premature. At first everything seemed fine.States which had black majorities soon began to declare black politicians who were more understanding to their plight. Free education was introduced and the system of having to own land to be able to lose the right to vote was as considerably as scrapped. All seemed well and good until 1877, when the army decided that it was time to exit out of the southern states. This immediately left the blacks vulnerable to attack from the various groups which had been formed who had a big(p) hatred towards the blacks. These secret organisations began using violence in order to prevent blacks from voting and this led to an almost immediate limiting.The lack of the black vote led to all white governments once again cosmos elected and this in turn sa w the re-introduction of many laws against those African Americans. Once again, control of the blacks was firmly in the hands of their white figurers. Jim Crow laws were introduced enforcing separationism in various araes of life. Transport saw dissociate seating for blacks and whites. disunite schools and hospitals were similarly introduced. The segregation even went as far as having different cemetries for deceased whites and deceased blacks, even in church, they were sat seperately.The much lower wages that the blacks were being payed meant that they could only afford housing in more run down neighbourhoods, again leading to a seperation, with black only towns. This residential segregation was even made compulsory in some states. Inter-racial marriages became a massive target for groups such as The Ku Klux Klan. They felt that this would lead to a society where racial categorization would become difficult and white self-assurance would become hard to maintain. Again violenc e was accustomd to ensure that no inter-racial marriages could take place.If any pleasant of recession came round, black employees were always the first to be fired regardless of experience or attribute of work and no blacks were allowed to join unions. This of course meant that in the event of any strike action, the blacks would continue to work arousing yet more hatred and hostility from their fellow white compatriots. After the white governments had been firmly re-established, the effect of blacks was continually undermined. Successful black businessmen were attacked and any attempts to form black protection groups were quickly quashed.The KKK also introduced lynching for those blacks accused of commiting crimes, many of whom were completely innocent. This was seen as not really a form of penalisation for criminals, but more a way of intimidating the local black population into accepting the rule of the whites. Yet again, the blacks were forced to accept the inhumane ways in which they were being treated and once again there was nothing they could really do about it. One hundred years on, to what extent piddle civil rights been achieved for blacks? On visiting America now, and comparing life to that of a hundred years ago, the most apparent difference is desegregation.Whereas blacks and whites were forced to attend separate schools, take part in leisure activities seperately, use separate transport and forced to be segregated in the supreme court, there is now no lawful segregation in the USA. Blacks concur been given equal rights as far as voting goes and it has been this way for many years now. However, this did not mean that all Blacks were suddenly voting. There was calm down the occupation of persuading blacks to register although, this has now been rectified with very public registration campaigns. The result has been a huge accession in the proportion of blacks registered to vote.There lead been monumental chnages in attitudes towards black s which has meant the uprising of many black celebrities which would have been unthinkable until recent years. A prime example of this could be that of black boxer, Mohammed Ali. His refusal to participate in the Vietnam war because of his personal beliefs, and being prepared to go to cast away rather than back down, earnt him world wide respect. This went along with the respect that he had already gained from his doubtless talent in the ring. To this day, Ali is one of the most highly regard sportsmen throughout the world.Various blakc musicians have reached stardom also. Examples include Stevie Wonder, Tupac Shakur, Billy Halliday and Bessie Smith, who had to fight adversity throughout her rail avenue career. However, even here there is the possiblity of racial discrimination having taking place as it is widely claimed that, after a car crash Bessie Smith was refused treatment due to the colour of her skin and as a direct result, died from profligate blood loss. Blacks have a lso been very conquestful in Hollywood, with some(prenominal) Will Smith and Samuel L. capital of Mississippi being among the top ten earners.This does not even take into acount Denzel washington, Danny Glover, Whoopi Goldberg and many others. The major turning point as far as civil rights were concerened, was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This finally insured equal oppurtunity for all, in terms of employment and otherwise. There were also affirmative acion programs set up to help those blacks, who through no fault of their own, were given very poor educations. Some blacks have even made a success of themselves by writing or talking about their difficulties in achieving liberation. Maya Angeou is one such person.The political turn of blacks is always rising and I have already speakn about the rise in blacks registered to vote. Recently, we have also seen the rise to prominence of some black politicians. Namely, Jesse capital of Mississippi and Colin Powell. Jackson ran for presi dency in both the 1984 and 1988 elections and although he failed on both occasions, his skills as a negotiater have been proven on many separate occasions. His current title is Washingtons special envoy to Africa. Colin Powell has come into the limelight much more after the very tragic events of September 2001.Much praise has been heaped on the Secretary Of State for the way in which he has handled the cris. He was often referred to as the face of America in the aftermath of the attacks. There have also been large strides made in the way of economic progress. Many blacks have managed to break through into the place classes. The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air is a popular, black sitcom in which one such family is portrayed. The father is a well respected lawyer and the family is shown to be living in great luxery.Similarly, there have been other very successful black shows such as The Cosby Show. There are now many, many black homeowners also, in complete contrast to the slavery which exi sted a century earlier. As yet, I have talked about the great amount of change and progress which has been achieved for blacks in USA, however, in the same period of time there have been many incidents and there are many facts which suggest that not too much has really changed. For example, many people argue that there is a continuity in attitudes of discrimination and they point to certain events to support this.Accusations of constabulary brutality and heavy handiness towards blacks are constant and the Rodney ability incident seems to justify this. Rodney King was a drunken, black driver, who after being stopped by police, was brutally assaulted by quadruplet police officers. The whole incident was video-taped by an on looker. Because of the video-tape, there was a resulting trial in which all four police officers were accused of using excessive force. However, the entirely white jury judged all four to have been not guilty of all charges and the result was the largest riots i n Los Angeles history.Many people were injured during these riots. Consequently, there was a second trial, in which two officers were again acquitted and the other two received minimum jail terms. There were fears of a second round of rioting which never materialised. Other such incidents include an African refugee being shot 24 times by police officers. To this day, there are still more blacks than whites on death row, which again leads to calls of discrimination by the police force and law courts. Earlier, I spoke about black successes in politics, pointing to Jesse Jackson and Colin Powell as examples.However, there has still been no black president, and it still does not even seem like a possibility in the foreseeable future. Even, with the prominence of Jackson and Powell, it can still be said that there is an exclusion of blacks in politics. The poverty trap of many years earlier also still exists in many parts of America, where the idea that if a black person was forced to li ve in a ghetto due to poor wages, there was really no way out and achieving something for their children as opportunities and resources were greatly limited.In conclusion, I think it is obviously clear that change has been achieved and progress has been made as far as civil rights are concerned and there will always be isolated incidents, which suggest otherwise. A great distance has been traveled on the road to achieving equal rights and hopefully, the last few miles will also be covered in the near future.

How does the body obtain and utilise energy? Essay

The cardiovascular systemThe myocardium, commonly referred to as the heart, acts as a pump for transporting personal credit line somewhat the body via a collective system, cognise as the cardiovascular system. This system has miscellaneous components line of reasoning vessels generally arteries, veins and capillaries. The cardiovascular system has four main contributions within the body. Firstly to transport dissolved oxygen, hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea to cells primed(p) around various places within the body, whilst at the same time eliminating any waste products much(prenominal) as carbon dioxide and water. Secondly, to protect the body from infection and blood loss.Thirdly, to distribute heat around the body to modify a healthy temperature of 37oc and finally to aid the body to maintain fluid balance. This human pump washstand be regarded as two pumps. The fist sized organ contains two muscular chambers the hurrying chamber the atrium and the lower the ventricle. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the veins to the lungs for oxygenation, whilst the left side pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body. It is heavy to note that the two sides atomic number 18 separated by a septum. The blood flows through the heart twice within one cycle, this is known as double circulation.The cardiovascular system carries oxygen and glucose to the cells and transports waste products such as co2 and urea away from the cells and to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and kidneys. Adenosine triphosphate, in any case known as ATP, is a chemical vim that is bring outd when nutrient molecules be burnt. ATP is constantly being arrestd on a daily basis due to the breakdown of glucose. Glucose is a sugar which is the mainsource of sinew for the body. Glucose is broken down and the nil from the glucose molecule chemical bonds are released and utilized by the cell to produce ATP molecules. Catabolism is a metaboli c action that breaks down more complex molecules, such as lipids and proteins and trans appoints them into simpler molecules, such as fatty acids and amino acids in order to release energy. The breakdown of fodder allows energy to be released as the nourishmentsmolecules bonds are breaking. This energy is then utilized to refine the bonds that contain been broken to enable an increase of ATP to be created. More energy go off be produce when oxygen is present. An aerophilic production of ATP takes place within the mitochondria. The broken down food molecules enter the blood stream. The blood is a liquid which is made up of red and white cells.The red blood cells are link up to a protein called hemoglobin, (which is liable for giving blood its red appearance) oxygen is present within these red blood cells. Glucose is dissolved in the plasma. Plasma constitute of water, fats, proteins and salts. Plasma is responsible for transporting blood cells throughout the body and nutrient s i.e. glucose, It also transports waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins and hormones. Iron is also present within red blood cells and iron attracts oxygen. The cells shoot oxygen to produce energy.The body would not receive the nutrients it needs if the cardiovascular system was not in place, therefore it is essential. The cardiovascular system is dependent on metabolic reactions. The heart itself needs ATP to function therefore the CV system would not work without the products of metabolism.The digestive systemThe digestive system consist of various organs such as, the pancreas, stomach and niggle bladder, which all work together to convert food into energy and to extract the vital nutrients that the body requires to function efficiently. The digestive system has several components which all have their own duties to carry out in order to break down the food step by step. Although digestion has several steps there are two main bodys of digestion that thesesteps fall into . The first trope being mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces by chewing. The second form being chemical digestion. This involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients with the assistance of digestive enzymes such as, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Digestive enzymes are proteins that break up gigantic molecules of food into smaller molecules to enable them to be absorbed and used by the cells in the form of nutrition.The digestive tract plays a vital role within the digestive system, it is a tube that is responsible for passing the food to be further broken down. It consist of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, the small and outsized catguts and the anus. The other organs that work within the digestive system include teeth, tongue, 3 pairs of salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas and the gall bladder. The teeth cut and grind the food in order for it to be swallowed, the salivary glands also produce and se crete salvia to aid the swallowing. As stated before there are three salivary glands which all carry out a different function the parotid, which produces amylase in order to digest the carbohydrates. The submandibular provides mucin as a form of lubrication for the food bolus to travel down the esophagus to the stomach. Finally, the submandibular which secretes mucus. The tongues job is to roll and mix the food into a formulae known as bolus, which consists of small pieces ofmashed up food.Once the bolus is made, the tongue pushes it towards the pharynx and into the esophagus during the help of swallowing. The esophagus takes the food down to the stomach. The stomach is where the food is churned and mixed together with gastric fluids, such as enzymes and hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach walls to make a paste like substance known as chyme. The alimentary canal is the small intestine. The alimentary canal is a tube that flows from the mouth to the anus. It consist of three p arts the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The duodenum is attached to the stomach and is majorly involved in the breaking down process. Digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas to the duodenum. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down proteins, fats and carbohydrates.The pancreas also performs the role of producing insulin,which is the main hormone responsible for metabolizing sugar, secreting it straightway into the bloodstream. The jejunum and the ileum absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream. Contents of the small intestine initially begin semi-solid and transform into complete liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile enzymes and mucus are responsible for the change in consistency. The villi are vital for the absorption of digestive nutrients. The cells of the villi transport the food from the digestive tract into the bloodstream where the body can utilize them efficiently. The villi increase the surface area of the small intestine, they also c ontain specialized cells which transfer various types of nutrients into the blood. The liver then takes over and processes the absorbed nutrients from the small intestine.Liver also secrets bile into the small intestine which aids in the digestion of fats. There is a muscular tube known as the colon, which provides a alley from the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine plays a crucial role within the digestive system, it is responsible for processing waste which allows the emptying of the bowels to be easy and efficient. Undigested food is transferred from the small intestine to the large intestine. Once in the large intestine water is reabsorbed and undigested food and fibre are eliminated. after(prenominal) this process the food waste products harden and turn into faeces. Which are finally excreted via the anus. Once food has ideal the process of digestion and has completely broken down, energy is provided to enable physical activity from walking to talking, from sp orts to working. Food provides the energy that is essential for everyday tasks. It also provides energy for involuntary activities such as, thinking, breathing, nerves, organs (especially the heart) to carry out their functions and the competency to build and repair tissues.

Most Violated School Policies Essay

The formation of character is maven of the around important features of the educational schema at the University of Baguio. For this reasonableness, the imposed discipline, while observant to the rights and shades of others, is firm, especi bothy when the temperament of the student body and institution is at stake. Students be expected to manifest both inside and foreign the University, the respect for hostel, morality, ro bring outneal honor, and rights of others, which is commandd of God-fearing men and women. (UB student micklebook, Article XIV 2010 Edition)Schools fetch policies that be be implemented for the general welf be of its constituents. These policies rear a set of rules that the students, t each(prenominal)ers, etc. should fol first-class honours degree. These rules ar inevitable for the order and uniformity of the students within the train premises. Even with the presence of these rules, some of the students violate them disregarding the sanctio ns that go along with it. The word policy originated from the Latin word politia or polity.Defined as a expressed category of action adopted for the sake of expediency, facility, etc. an action or procedure conforming to or considered with reference to prudence or expediency. (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/policy)Educational policies are undertakeifi disregardt beca wasting dis liberalisation these are rules that are riding vesture in school daymagazines to discipline students. These rules determine how effective and efficient the school is in managing students and somebodynel. The policies gain great deviate in the quality of education in an area. Educational policies are important because effective policies discount serve students in school on their day to day activity.For a policy to sustain effective, it moldiness have a well-pronounced outcome, assumptions should be clear and explicit, linkage to organizational direction must be present, out-of-pocket lit igate in the development has to be observed, the priority should be on the dobriny interest, expectations have to be made, the policy must be both efficient and effective, results should be stated in measurable terms, evaluation of results should be capable, funding and allocation of resources must be appropriate, accountability should non be vague, it should be lawful and administered, it must be ground from history, ideas have to be verified before implementation, and the policy results should be well stated. (http//manuals.ucdavis.edu/resources/coordinators.htm) unmatched of the occurrenceors why students violate school policies potful be explained through their different behaviours. Behaviour is the manner of behaving or conducting oneself the aggregate of all the responses made by an organism in any situation. (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/behavior) Based on Operant Conditioning of B.F. Skinner All behaviour ca apply by external stimuli and all behaviour bunghole be explained without the quest to consider internal mental states or consciousness. It means that the actions done by students are responses to its environment. (http//www.learning-theories.com/behaviorism) other type of behaviourism is Radical Behaviourism which is the connection to role of emotions and the major differences in the sufferance of mediating structures and etc. In order to resolve this riddle the aggroup found out that the outflank stem is the use of Biometric credit systems which can be grouped based on the master(prenominal) physical symptomatic that lends itself to biometric identification. on that point are different kinds of biometric system in which the fingerprint biometry is the commonly used one. There are in addition other biometric identification systems such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the hand geome evidence, palm mineral vein assay-mark, retina scan, masthead scan, face recognition, signature, and enunciate abbreviation. There are biomet ric systems that are composed of more(prenominal) than than two physical device characteristics to be identified.Statement of the Problem1) What are the reasons why these students violate such policies? 2) What are the approximately common policies that are violated by the violators? 3) How can the proposed biometric ID system control students from violating the wearing of ID? Scope and DelimitationThis proposal was express only to the students of the University of Baguio including the administrative staff, teachers, faculty and utilities.Significance of the StudyWith the champion of this proposal, the University of Baguio would be able to control all entrance and exit of the school. The act of not wearing IDs for the students would no longer be manageable because they provide not be able to enter the school without their IDs. The biometric ID system would streng accordingly the protective cover of the academe for the guard of the students. The time when the students wou ld enter and leave their classes would be monitored. The system would be able to determine if the students pull up stakesing alternate their classes. Also, the entry of thieves and pick-pocketers within the school premises would no longer be possible due to this proposal. With this modernized system to be established in the University, all of the students and somebodynel of the school leave benefit from it. manakinThe leniency of the marshals in checking the IDs and proper wearing of uniforms, students not fol junior-gradeing the rules and regulation of the school and to monitor the entrance and exit of the students of University of Baguio within the schools vicinity are the reasons why the re seekers proposed an ID Biometric System.The students violated the above mentioned rules due to leniency, habitual actions of students, laziness, and unwanted behaviours of students. Some students just wanted to violate such policies because they thinking that it was a fun and interesting thing to do.If the proposed project leave behind be fully implemented, there bequeath be organization in the school campus and an effective monitoring of the passage behaviors in go in and going out of the school. Based on these factors that we have retrieved on the info that we have collected, the theory that would best support our proposal is the belief theory. We chose this theory because we, the researchers, believe that the proposed biometric ID system will work and we will therefrom translate these beliefs into action. The researchers foresee that this would be able to control the reoccurring problems that are being done by the University of Baguio students and that is the reason why we have made this very proposal.DEFINITION OF TERMS* Biometric pertaining to, noting, or using a someones unique physical and other distinctions for the purpose of identification and protective covering. * Coincide to occupy exactly alike or equivalent positions on a scale or in a seri es * realization psychological orientation of the self in regard to something (as a person or group) with a resulting feeling of close emotional association. * Implementation the act of implementing, or putting into effect. * Policy a definite course of regularity of action selected from among alternatives and in light of given conditions to guide and determine present and future decisions. * project An act of putting forward or stating something for consideration. * Scanner a device sensing a put down data.* System a group of devices or artificial objects or an organization forming a network especially for distri besidesing something or serving common purpose. * Units a piece or complex apparatus serving to coiffe one point functionASSUMPTIONThe group assumed that if the proposal is to be approved by the Board of Directors, it would be implemented immediately. The ordered social units will be put up to the designated areas and the Biometric system will start functionin g. With the new system of the school, there will be an organization in school activities. The school then will be a safe and humane get off to study.CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF colligate LITERARTUREI. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn the millennial years rapidly advancing technological world, the issue of certificate is becoming a more and more pressing matter. Computer crimes and identity theft related crimes are becoming more rampant and apparent, requiring better solutions to cope with them. One of the proposed systems for solution for future laid-back- engine room security issues lies in the field of biometrics. Biometrics defined simply in its regard to security matters is any method or engine room which uses biological measurings to facilitate trademark for verification or identification of a particular exploiter.Although pacify in major phases of development, biometrics is seen as a heightsly valuable initiative to one day replace present day security trademark practices due to its ide al concept of being well-nigh risk free and non-inaccu graze. This paper will analyze all aspects concerning biometrics including its overall concept, how a biometrical authentication system works, controversial issues concerning its implementation, its current uses in engineering science, business, and governmental agencies and its future developments.II. CONCEPT OF BIOMETRICS IN guarantorA. TWO CATEGORIESBiometrics can be subdivided into two main categories. These include physiological and behavioral categories of particular proposition measurements. Physiological measurements include biological characteristics inherent to someone human beings. Some of these would include seventh cranial nerve structure, fingerprints, hand structure, iris and DNA structure of a particular person. Behavioral measurements measure dynamics in soulfulness behaviors. Some of these would include keystroke behavior, signature and voice recognition.B. VARIOUS METHODS FOR COLLECTING MEASUREMENTSFACE Facial recognition involves technology which scans the face and interprets the data as recognizable characteristics of a particular user, including the size and shape of the face and their kindred to each other. Facial recognition is a natural method that humans use to identify muckle they come into contact with, but it is not an mild method to duplicate for identification on a biometric system. This is due to changes such as plastic surgery, weight gain or weight loss which can cause the results to be inaccurate. Another emerging method of aggregation biometric reading involving the face is facial thermometrograph which detects and measures the heat patterns executed by the branching blood vessels within the face and emitted through the skin.FINGERPRINT Fingerprint epitome has been around for centuries as a means of identifying heap. It has been evidenced that ancient Chinese used fingerprinting to sign legal documents as long ago as 1000 BCE. Fingerprint analysis involve s examining the ridges on an one-on-one fingerprint in order to match them to a specific owner. HAND Hands can be analyzed and mensural in a few different ways. Aside from fingerprints, some other way to use hands in biometrical analysis is through hand geometry which measures and compares the different physical characteristics of a persons hand such as shape and size. Another method concerning hands is palm vein authentication which uses an infrared beam to penetrate a persons hand and measure the complexity of the vein patterns within that persons hand. This specific method is more expedient than hand geometry measurement because palm vein patterns are internal to the body, and unenviable to be counterfeited by an illegitimate user.EYES cores can be used in two different ways as a part of a biometrical scrutiny process. Iris examine involves analysis of the rings, furrows, and freckles in the pupil of the eye of a particular human. Retina see involves analysis of the capil lary blood vessels located in the back of the eye. DNA DNA verification uses analysis of genetic information found within a specific persons DNA ordinance (or genetic code) as a means of identifying that person. DNA analysis is often used now as a method for identifying paternity of a persons child or in forensic crime investigations as a evidence for convicting individuals for crimes such as murder or rape. ODOR & flavor Odor and scent analysis is a fairly new development in biometrical analysis and is based on a theory authorize individual odor theory.This theory is premised on the notion that each person has a particular and unique scent. In forensics, odor analysis has been used to identify nation by the use of blood hounds (dogs). VOICE ANALYSIS Voice analysis involves analyzing of the pitch, tone, cadence, and frequency of a particular users voice to facilitate authentication. Voice analysis can technically be seen as both a physiological trait as well as a behavioral trai t because voice is not only inherent to a specific person, but also the way that person speaks is also a unique and measurable trait. SIGNATURE Signature analysis analyzes the way a person writes his/her signature as a basic means of identification.Although handwriting techniques vary for individuals throughout their lifetimes, handwriting identification is seen as a scientifically tested criterion for measurement. KEYSTROKE Keystroke analysis measures the dynamics of a persons typing rhythms to facilitate authentication of a particular person. Keystroke analysis may be more useful than other methods of identification because unlike other biometrical authentication methods, keystroke dynamics can still be measured throughout the electronic computer session evening after the access control point has been successfully passed by the user.GAIT Another new development biometrical technique is one which measures gait which is a persons particular way of walking and facilitating mot ion. Gait can be used effectively to recognize people coming in from a distance. COGNITIVE BIOMETRICS Cognitive biometrics is also a developing method in biometrics which uses measurements of brain activity responses when triggered by specific stimuli and matched within a computer database as a means for authentication of a particular user of the system. Currently, systems which utilize this kind of method are being created to trigger responses to odor stimuli. In the future, other triggers may be used to create responses.C. PARAMETERSGiven the various methods for collecting biometrical data, each of these techniques must pass a set of parameters to a full stop in order to be considered as a viable method for integration within a biometrical system. These parameters include UNIVERSALITY The principle of catholicity stipulates that every user should have the characteristic. Sometimes, in some cheeks this may not be full-strength as it the case of a person with no hands who cannot use a hand analysis machine for verification. UNIQUENESS The principle of uniqueness involves the degree of how separable the biometric characteristic is between each individual person. PERMANENCE The principle of permanence involves how well the technique used for measurement is resistant to changes such as aging, human developmental processes such as pregnancy, or things such as plastic surgery.COLLECTABILITY The collectability principle is related to how cushy the method is to acquire. Easier methods, as well as more hygienical methods are more ideal for a viable biometrical system. surgical operation The mathematical operation principle is concerned with the trueness, look sharp and the strength of the technology used to authenticate the user. ACCEPTABILITY The acceptability principle is related to the degree of mixer approval for use of the technology as a means for collecting biometrical data. CIRCUMVENTION Circumvention involves, the biometrical systems relaxation beh avior of adaptation to a substitute should the system need one. 1. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS METHODS WITH PARAMETERS(Based on the Comparison of different Biometric Technologies table by A.K. Jain, et. al. 2004) FACE Facial scan has a mellow direct of universality because it is nigh impossible for any living human-being to possess no form of a face. Facial scan piles low in its level of uniqueness due to the fact that it can be difficult to specialize characteristics from person to person at times. This is due to some people having similar features which may be wicked to distinguish. In the case of identical twins, this may not be a useful means for authentication at all. Facial scanning wads a mean(a) ranking under the permanence factor. This is due to the fact that although a persons actual facial characteristics never change, they are subject to transformations such as aging, weight gain or loss, and alterations such as plastic surgery or accidents. As far as collectability, facial scanning score a high mark due to the fact that, going along with its high level of universality, every living human-being does have a face which is easy to locate on a human body.Facial scanning is low in performance because it can tend to be exceedingly inaccurate due to the dynamical aspect of human faces. Facial scanning also score high in acceptability as a comfortable and accepted way people would want to collect their biometrical data, but it scores low in circumvention because it doesnt have an easy substitute which can replace it. Facial thermograph scores high in universality, uniqueness, collectability, acceptability, and circumvention. It scores low in permanence and speciality in performance. FINGERPRINT Fingerprinting scores medium in its level of universality. This is due to the fact that although all people inherently possess fingerprints at birth, fingerprints can still be damaged via rare skin diseases or through loss of fingers, abrasions, etc.Fingerpri nting has a high level of uniqueness and a high level of permanence. Fingerprinting has a medium level of collectability and performance due to the fact that although it is easy to acquire for measurement, there is a 5% failure to enroll rate which exists for everyone even with good sensors and analysis software. Fingerprinting has a medium level of acceptability by the public as a means for collecting data. This is because although it is an easy method of measurement, it may be unhygienic, inaccurate as well as easy to duplicate unlawfully. Fingerprinting has a high level of circumvention due to its ease of adaptation to a substitute if deemed necessary. HAND Hand geometry scores medium in its universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, acceptability, and circumvention. Hand geometry scores high in its collectability aspect. Hand vein analysis also scores medium in universality, uniqueness, permanence, collectability, performance, and acceptability but it scores high in circ umvention.The overall reason why hand analysis carries a medium ranking in virtually all the parameters listed is because of a human-beings ability to live without them. EYES Eye analysis provides for a more accurate analysis approach in a biometric system. Iris scanning scores high in universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention. This is due to the complexity and exclusivity of iris patterns which does make them a better plectrum method of biometric authentication. Iris scanning received a medium score in collectability and a low score in acceptability due to the complexity of the method and its suitability to the general masses. Retinal scanning also received similar scores, scoring high in universality, uniqueness, performance, and circumvention receiving a medium score in permanence, and low scores in both its collectability and acceptability. DNA DNA analysis has split results, scoring high in universality, uniqueness, permanence, and performance, and s coring low in collectability, acceptability, and circumvention.Although DNA can be extracted from a numerous quantity of different ways, a method of extracting DNA in order to be used in a biometrical authentication system cannot be done without seeming invasive or unsanitary. Also, many people may be concerned with retirement matters concerning DNA analysis. ODOR & SCENT Odor and scent analysis scores high in universality, uniqueness, and permanence. Although scents can be masked by deodorants, fragrances and lotions, the underlying biological scent of a person cannot be concealed. Odor analysis also scores low in collectability, performance, and circumvention, with a medium score in acceptability. VOICE ANALYSIS Voice analysis scores medium in its universality and collectability. It scores low scores in uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention, making it not an ideal method for use in a biometrical system.This is because not only does a persons voice change through out time, but people can knowingly change their voice or use technology to change their voice (such as a recording) in order to dupe a system. Voice analysis scores high in acceptability due to the simplicity of the method. SIGNATURE Signature analysis scores low in universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention. It scores high in collectability, and acceptability. Signature analysis may not be an ideal method for authentication because although graphology experts can distinguish identities through meticulous handwriting analysis, it may be more difficult for a biometrical system to accurately analyze differences in handwriting for each individual person.This is because a persons handwriting can change depend on various things such as the modality of the person. Also some people may write similarly or use forgery to try to dupe the system. KEYSTROKE Keystroke analysis is another method which may be seen as not as reliable as some of the other methods for colle cting biometric information. Although it has the advantage of being able to simultaneously authenticate a user while he/she is still within the work session, keystroke analysis scores low for universality, uniqueness, permanence, and performance. It also has medium scores for collectability, acceptability, and circumvention. This may be due to the behavioral aspect of typing which can be easily changed if a person learns to type in different ways.GAIT Gait scores medium in universality and circumvention. Gait has low scores in uniqueness, permanence, and performance. Gait also has high scores in collectability and acceptability. Of all the various methods for collecting biometric data, some of the most reliable methods (according to the table by A.K. Jain et. Al) are iris scanning, retinal scanning, facial thermograph, fingerprint analysis, and DNA analysis. Some of the least reliable methods are keystroke analysis, signature analysis, and voice analysis. oerall, it appears that phy siological data is seen as a more reliable method for collecting data than behavioral data.III. BIOMETRIC SYSTEM A. BIOMETRIC SYSTEMA biometrical system although seemingly complicated, has only two main steps, regard little of the methodology or the technology used to facilitate it. The system begins with a process called enrollment which is when the biometric information from individual users is collected and stored within a database and translated into a code or graph. In some instances data may be stored on a smart card which can be carried outdoor(a) with the user. The next operation of the biometrical system is called testing. During this portion of the system, biometrical data is detected and compared with that which is in the database.In order for a biometrical system to be robust, it is necessary that the storage and retrieval of data within the system be highly secured. (http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Biometric_system_diagram.png/800px-) A biometr ical system can carry out two main functions. These include verification or identification. In verification, the systems objective is to authenticate the user in conjunction with another method such as a smart card, a username, or a password. With identification, the systems intention is to authenticate the user only on the basis of the biometrical data alone. The endeavor of this function is to identify the user according to the closest match within the allowable limit of the system.B. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTSThe performance of a biometric systems technology can be broken down into a variety of probability descriptions. These descriptions indicate the level of accuracy the system is able to achieve. FAR- The first measurement is entitled False Accept Rate. This measurement determines the likeliness of a biometric system incorrectly accepting access to the system by an un-authorized user. This measurement is calculated by dividing the number of spurious acceptances by the number o f times an identification attempt has been made. FRR- The second measurement is called a False Rejection Rate which measures the probability that a biometric system will incorrectly reject an authorized user from using the system. This number is calculated by dividing the number of false rejections by the number of authentication attempts. EER- Equal error rate stands for the rate at which FAR and FRR are equal.This measurement can be used to compare two different biometric systems. Whichever biometric system has a put down EER is considered to be a more accurate system than the other. ROC- Receiver operating characteristics deals with the systems accuracy within certain environments as it relates to False Rejection and False Acceptance Rate results. FTE- FTE stands for failure to enroll rate. This measurement is calculated as a dower of the data which failed to pass through the system due to invalidity. trouble to enroll typically happens when the sample data is of poor quality and does not match the data which is stored in the database of the system. FTC- FTC is the failure to capture rate. This measurement measures the probability that the system will fail to pick up on a biometric characteristic when it is presented accurately. High calculations of this measurement typically mean that this authentication method will be difficult as well as frustrating to use.C. SUSCEPTIBLE AREAS OF ATTACK FOR BIOMETRICSThe three most susceptible areas of vulnerability for attack of a biometric system are 1) Copied-biometric attacks- where the attacker obtains a substitute for the true biometric sample in order to cause proper authentication to occur via the normal system procedures. 2) reproduce attacks- where perpetrators obtain valid templates from the original user and then use them to directly dupe the biometric system. 3) Database attacks- where perpetrators access a template database and obtain the ability to replace valid templates with invalid ones.IV. supplyS WITH BIOMETRICSA. IDENTITY THEFT ISSUEAlthough the ideal goal of biometrical authentication is to have ultimate prevention of identity theft, the issue of an illegitimate user having the ability to commit identity theft still exists within biometrics and can have even more dire circumstances than with non-biometrical authentication systems. Depending on the method used to collect the biometrical data, a persons identity can be stolen easily. An example of this would be in the case of fingerprints which can be taken from inanimate objects such as glassware or metal objects and then duplicated in order to be used to dupe a biometrical system.The main problem concerning this issue is in the fact that if an individuals identification is stolen by another, the legitimate user may never be able to undo the damage which has been created because, unlike with non-biometrical authentication, once biometrical data has been compromised, it is compromised for the entirety of the legitimate user s existence. One proposed possible solution for solving the issue of identity theft is to only use a portion of the biometric data, so that if the data does become compromised, it will not be entirely lost. This way, if one part of the data is stolen, another part of the original users biometric data can be used to replace it.B. retirement ISSUEPrivacy can also be a staggering issue with the implementation of a biometrical system from a societal standpoint. some(prenominal) people may not care to have all of their biological characteristics recorded on some medium for a variety of reasons. One concern is that if information is recorded on systems used at more than one location or by more than one entity, an individuals movements can be tracked preventing anonymity. Safety of the legitimate users can become compromised, if malevolent individuals choose to target that person in order to obtain their goal.Another issue regarding privacy involves physical prostitute which can be done to an individual using a biometrical system. Physical harm can occur by use of unsanitary instruments used in the technology to obtain the biometrical information, which may cause the system to be considered unsafe. Another issue regarding privacy lies with the administrative ability to misuse users biometrical data without the consent of those users. Currently, few regulations exist to protect biometric information of individuals.C. SENSOR OBSTACLESDifferent types of technology (hardware & software) used within different biometrical systems can counteract one another, making it difficult to have alike(p) biometrical data. One of the reasons this problem exists is because each vendor of biometrical technology generates their own encoding methods for the recorded information. Unfortunately, many of these encryption methods do not coincide with one another making the use of biometrical systems more difficult and less efficient. The only way unification of the different biometrical systems can occur is by a standardizing process which would require exposing of all the concealed data. Unfortunately, this can also present a serious threat.D. FAILURE TO MEET PARAMETERSAnother issue concerning implementation of biometrics is in the issue of a systems failure to roleplay parameters. In order for biometrical data to be interminable, the biological characteristic must be unique, universal, acceptable, collectible, reliable in regards to the performance and circumvention of the technology used to collect the data, but most importantly, the data must be permanent, which is the most fragile issue concerning the parameters of biometrical data. Unfortunately, most if not all biological characteristics are not guaranteed to be permanent. numerous of them can be compromised via accidents, health problems or alterations such as surgery.V. CURRENT USES OF BIOMETRICSAlthough the field of biometrics as a whole is still in need of major development before general implementati on will ever occur there are some entities including private industry and governmental agencies which currently utilize biometrical technology. Certain examples of American organizations which currently use biometric technology include 1) Walt Disney knowledge domain Walt Disney World uses fingerprint analysis technology to authenticate the fingerprints of guests in order to ensure that season tatters are used by the authorized ticket owner. This is in order to prevent lost sales through ticket sharing, as well as thefts. 2) First Tech attribute Union First Tech Credit Union is an Oregon based credit union which utilizes keystroke recognition technology for authentication of users on its online website.3) Casinos Over 100 American casinos such as the Imperial Palace casino in Las Vegas use facial recognition technology to identify and prevent known cheaters or dishonest patrons from entering into their establishments. 4) Missing Childrens Clearinghouse A West Virginia based organ ization entitled Missing Childrens Clearinghouse uses biometric technology which utilizes scanned digital photographs to search for missing children. 5) Citibank Singapore Citibank in Singapore uses fingerprint scanning technology for customers who use their clear atomic number 78 card for point-of-sale purchases.6) Coca Cola Coca Cola uses hand scanning machines to replace time cards for employees in order to document worker time keepinsg records. 7) Welfare crack-down New Jersey as well as six other states use biometric technology to crack down on individuals who ill-treatment the welfare system by claiming benefits in multiple names. 8) Notebooks Computer products such as the Compaq Armada E500 are being developed to use fingerprint scanning technology to insure the identity of the user. 9) Prisons Up to 100 American Prisons use biometric technology to regulate methadone dispersement among prisoners.VI. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMETRICSSince the occurrence of the September 11, 2 001 terrorist attacks, a surge in the demand for biometric technology has begun. Stocks in publically trade biometric companies such as Visionics, Viisage engine room, and Indentix have soared with the overall biometric technology industry projected to have revenues approaching $10 billion dollars annually by 2020. Emerging trends for future uses of biometric technology seem to lean more towards law enforcement, homeland security, and security within certain types of private industry such as in airport security or finance. Many credit card companies such as Mastercard and Visa are beginning to implement biometric authentication methods to verify card users. Also, the Immigration and Naturalization Service may begin implementing biometric technologies to identify illegal immigrants.Certain types of biometric technology which are becoming more widespread include access control facial recognition technology which is used to permit only authorized individuals to enter upon certain faci lities, facial recognition passive superintendence technology which is used to monitor premises in order to identify possible terrorists or doubt individuals, and alert management which includes the use of real-time technology in association with biometric technology to provide security alerts of potential security breaches. Applications which use biometric technology will also have an effect on commerce, specially in e-commerce to provide extra security for online purchases, and installation within certain personal items such as cars and cell phones.VII. CONCLUSIONAlthough not that long ago, the concept of having biometric technology as a part of our mainstream night club may have been seen as a science-fictional impossibility, technological innovation has grown to the point where it is becoming more and more of a reality. Although we are not quite ready for widespread implementation of this technology, as the need for better hi-tech security increases, research as well as inve stor and consumer confidence and innovation within the biometric industry is also expected to improve. Although no single biometric system method is without flaws, combinations of these various methods and technologies may provide the ideal security that we hope to attain one day.CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGYThere was difficulty in determining the real students of the University of Baguio because of the hard-headed students who cannot abide with the simple rules and regulations which was the reoccurring problems of the security. Due to this problem, the mandos and magnas can easily enter the schools premises victimizing a lot of students. This was one of the reasons why such simple violations became a huge problem for the school.Regarding this matter, the group came up with an idea for a topic for their action research. Before they finalize their topic, the group went to the component part of the Student Affairs and interviewed the dean to know which rules are commonly violated by the stu dents. After the interview, the group determined that the rules which are commonly violated are a) wearing of I.Ds inside the school campus and b) wearing of uniforms on the designated days.The group then convened and finalized their topic that would focus on A proposed Biometric ID system to control the reoccurring violations by University of Baguio students. Since there was already a topic to be talked about in the research, the group started to gather data which were germane(predicate) to the research proper like that of related studies and researches and terms that are significant to the study. After collecting relevant information for the research, the group prepared communication letters addressed to the deans of the different schools of the University and respondents likewise with the survey questionnaire. Upon approval of the deans of the different schools, the group administered the questionnaires to the respondents.The survey forms were distributed to the eleven schools o f the University having ten (10) respondents each to see which results have the same percentage which were used to know the reasons behind these actions. After distributing the survey questionnaires, the group then retrieve the questionnaires and start tabulating the results. The tabulated data showed the reasons why the students violate these simple policies of the school.The result of the survey supported the proposal that were passed to the Board of Directors. The group then proposed the biometric ID system that will be put up in every entrances and exits of the buildings in the University. The biometric ID system will most likely be very costly but disregarding such amount, the administration will approve it and immediately ordered the said system. By the time the systems that had been ordered arrive, the people designated by the high ops will put up such systems on the designated areas to make the University a safe and humane place to study.CONCLUSIONIn light of the findings, the following conclusions are hereby presented Not wearing of ID has been a habit of the students. Sometimes the teachers themselves forget to check their students ID. The security guard also are not lenient in checking the IDs of these students. Because of this attitude most number of the student no longer uses their IDs. The students think that it is just fine not use their IDs.The researchers are found out that the school really need a biometric ID system. Approximately, one unit of the biometric system will cost more or less two hundred fifty special K pesos. In such case the University of Baguio can still afford this system since it does not only help the students but it can also secure their safetyWith the help of this proposal it will lessen the shoot down of the security personnel. This proposal can also lessen the number of students violating the proper use of IDs. In such situation students can no longer use any ID because of the presence of finger prints. The students w hether they like it or not would still be forced to use their IDs. Also, this proposal can help in the security of the school campus because outsiders can no longer come in because of the presence of finger prints.RECOMMENDATION force from the conclusions that the researchers arrived at, the following recommendations are forwarded. The researchers would recommend the strict implementation of the rules and regulations of the university and the maintenance of the biometric ID system. In addition, each of the gates should be closed. Also, the lenient checking on the wearing of IDs should be done. The guards should monitor every student entering the university. In case the students lost their IDs, we recommend that a password that would allow them to enter would be provided by the OSA during the time of the IDs loss.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKS* Addiction Today, Sept. 27, 2008. Prisons Use Biometrics to Manage Methadone. * Germain, Jack M., Sept. 11, 2003. Beyond Biometrics New Strategies for Secu rity. * New York Times, Nov. 15, 2008. Technology and Media, a Surge in the Demand to use Biometrics. * Osborn, Alice, Aug. 17, 2005. Future of Biometrics-Trends and Emerging Uses for Biometric Technology. * Panko, Raymond R., Corporate Computer and entanglement Security. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2004. * Risk Management, Mar. 15, 2005. Biometrics The Future is Now. * Technology and Human Values of age(p) Seminar, 2008. Biometrics. * Tilton, Catherine J., Feb. 2006. The Role of Biometrics in Enterprise Security. * Wikepedia, Nov. 13, 2008. Biometrics.ONLINE* http//www.addictiontoday.org/addictiontoday/2008/09/prisons-use-bio.html. * http//www.ecommercetimes.com/story/31547.html?wlc=1226777438 * .http//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E0DB163EF934A25751C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 * http//www.video-surveillance-guide.com/future-of-biometrics.htm * http//www.riskmanagementmagazine.com.au/articles/FF/0C02DDFF.asp?Type=124& household=1240 * http//www.dell.com/downlo ads/global/power/ps1q06-20050132-Tilton-OE.pdf . * http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometricscite_note-jain_short_article-20 .